Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quercetin inhibits the PI3K signaling pathway and affects glycolysis. A.PIK3Ca、p- PIK3Ca 、AKT1、p-AKT1, FOXO3a, p -FOXO3a, HK2, PFKL, PKM2 and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. B–U. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for PIK3Ca、p- PIK3Ca 、AKT1、p-AKT1, FOXO3a, p -FOXO3a, HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001). V. PIK3Ca, AKT1, FOXO3a immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group in 4w and 6w. W. HK2, PFKL, and LDHA immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group in 4w and 6w.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the effect of quercetin on myopia progression, we used quercetin with a purity of ≥98.06% (HY-18085, MCE, China) to treat LIM animals.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of quercetin on retinal metabolism in myopia。 A. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, and Que-H groups at 6 weeks. B. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). C. ROS were detected in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, and Que-H groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). F. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. G. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). I. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01). K. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H group (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). L. KEGG analysis of metabolites. M. Metabolite expression levels in NC, LIM, and quercetin intervention groups were analyzed by metabonomics. Blue line: glycolytic pathway; Green line: pentose phosphate pathway; Purple line: hexose branch.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the effect of quercetin on myopia progression, we used quercetin with a purity of ≥98.06% (HY-18085, MCE, China) to treat LIM animals.

Techniques: Membrane, Expressing

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of quercetin on retinal neurons in myopia. A. 5-Min data of Ca2+ (pmol·cm −2 ·s −1 ) in the retina recorded by non-invasive micro-test technology after myopic induction for 6 weeks in NC, LIM, LIM + Fos, LIM + Empty, NC + Fos, NC + Empty groups. B. 5-Min data of Ca2+ (pmol·cm −2 ·s −1 ) in the retina recorded by non-invasive micro-test technology after myopic induction for 6 weeks in NC, LIM, empty, sh-Fos-1ul, sh-Fos-3ul, sh-Fos-5ul groups. C. 5-Min data of Ca2+ (pmol·cm −2 ·s −1 ) in the retina recorded by non-invasive micro-test technology after myopic induction for 6 weeks in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H groups. D. Analysis of the retinal Ca 2+ (pmol·cm −2 ·s −1 ) based on NMT for 6 weeks in NC, LIM, LIM + Fos, LIM + Empty, NC + Fos, NC + Empty groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Analysis of the retinal Ca 2+ (pmol·cm −2 ·s −1 ) based on NMT for 6 weeks in NC, LIM, empty, sh-Fos-1ul, sh-Fos-3ul, sh-Fos-5ul groups (∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. ∗∗P < 0.01). F. Analysis of the retinal Ca 2+ (pmol·cm −2 ·s −1 ) based on NMT for 6 weeks in NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H groups (∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. ∗∗P < 0.01). G. The synapses of the NC, LIM, Que-H, sh-Fos-5ul, and LIM + Fos groups were detected by TEM. The red arrows indicate synapses. H. The mitochondria of the NC, LIM, Que-H, sh-Fos-5ul, and LIM + Fos groups were detected by TEM. The green arrows indicate mitochondria. I: The TEM was used to measure the synaptic lengths of the NC, LIM, Que-H, sh-Fos-5ul and LIM + Fos groups. J. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM + Fos, LIM + Empty, NC + Fos, NC + Empty groups (∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001, ∗∗∗P < 0.001). K. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, empty, sh-Fos-1ul, sh-Fos-3ul, sh-Fos-5ul groups (∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). L. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H groups (∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001, ∗∗∗P < 0.001). M. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM + Fos, LIM + Empty, NC + Fos, NC + Empty groups (∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001, ∗∗∗P < 0.001). N. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, empty, sh-Fos-1ul, sh-Fos-3ul, sh-Fos-5ul groups (∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001, ∗P < 0.05). O. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, DMSO, Que-L, Que-M, Que-H groups (∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001, ∗∗∗P < 0.001).

Article Snippet: To evaluate the effect of quercetin on myopia progression, we used quercetin with a purity of ≥98.06% (HY-18085, MCE, China) to treat LIM animals.

Techniques:

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of changes in glycolysis level on myopia. A-B. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. C-D. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. E-L. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). M-T. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). U. HK2, PFKL, LDHA, NRF2 and Keap1 immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 6w.

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glycolysis influences the effect of oxidative phosphorylation on myopia. A. Single-cell sequencing KEGG analysis. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. C. ROS detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗P < 0.05). F. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗P < 0.05). G. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). I. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). K. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). L. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. M. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). N. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05) NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Single Cell, Sequencing, Membrane, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: HK2 interacts with KEAP1 and regulates the development of myopia. A. KEAP1 and HK2 molecules docking. B. The protein interaction between KEAP1 and HK2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. C. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001). D. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups ((∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05)). E. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗P < 0.01). F. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: STAR Protocols

Article Title: Protocol for inducing dorsal spinal sensory interneurons from mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neuromesodermal progenitors

doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2025.104307

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunostaining to detect different dI populations (A and C) By day 9, the cultures derived from the RA protocol will contain a mixture of Pax2 + Lhx1/5 + dI4/dI6s and Lmx1b + dI5s (not shown). (B and C) In contrast, the cells derived from the RA+BMP4 contain a mixture of Lhx2 + dI1s and Isl1 + dI3s (B and D). dI2s are present in these cultures but are most effectively detected by scRNA-Seq. Scale bar: 50μm.

Article Snippet: Mouse monoclonal mIgG 2a anti-Lhx2 (1:50) , DSHB , PCRP-LHX2-1C11.

Techniques: Immunostaining, Derivative Assay